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【院生ゼミ】10月26日

【大学院】

This week we continue to explore the development of Buddhism and Hinduism in India. We focused on the difference between Theravada and Mahayana, which can be summarized as follows:
Theravada Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism
Buddha 仏陀
One Buddha: Siddhartha Gautama, Shakyamuni (6th to 5th c. BCE)
Many Buddhas: Besides Shakyamuni, Amitābha ("immeasurable light"), or Amitāyus ("immeasurable lifespan") [阿弥陀], Bhaishajya-guru [薬師], Mahāvairocana ("the great illuminator") [大日], etc.
Shakyamuni 釈迦, 釈尊
Shakyamuni is the only Buddha in the present time in the multiple universes (there were and will in different times)
Shakyamuni is one of the Buddhas in the multiple universes (there are many in other universes)
Bodhisattva, 菩薩
One bodhisattva (One who seeks enlightenment) in the present time: The earlier stages of Shakyamuni before he became enlightened
Many bodhisattvas who willingly remain in this suffering world to save others: Avalokiteśvara (=Guan Yin, Kannon, 観音), Kṣitigarbha (=Jizo, 地蔵), etc.
Scriptures
Pali texts (core texts created in the early stages of Buddhism)
Mahayana texts (besides the core texts, many later texts): written in Sanskrit, then translated/written into Chinese, Tibetan, and other languages. N.B. The words of the sect founders in Japan.
Main objective
Attainment of nirvāṇa (enlightenment) as a release from saṃsāra (the suffering cycle of rebirth and death) for oneself
Seeking enlightenment through benefitting others, thus claiming to be a greater vehicle and denouncing Theravada as a lesser vehicle
History
Theravada ("the teachings of elders") is the only surviving one of the early Buddhist schools. It is conservative in the sense that it claims it adheres to the original teachings of the Buddha. It spread to Sri Lanka and relatively later (after 11th c. CE) to Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos.
Mahayana ("the great vehicle") initially developed as a reformist movement around 1st c. BCE in India. It later spread to Southeast Asia (Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Cambodia), China (then to Korea, Japan, and Northern Vietnam), and Tibet.
Tantric Buddhism (Esoteric Buddhism, 密教), as a later development of Mahayana Buddhism, advocates the concept of advaya (the oneness of the apparent duality).

投稿日時: 2020年10月26日 20:09

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