人間文化研究機構プログラム 南アジア地域研究

南アジア地域研究・東京外国語大学拠点（FINDAS）では、1月21日（土）に、
東京外国語大学本郷サテライトにて、下記のとおり研究会を開催いたします。

※本研究会は、予約不要でどなたでもご参加いただけます。

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2016年度　第五回FINDAS共催研究会［科研基盤研究B、研究代表者：水野善文「南アジア多言語社会における複合文化のなかの文学伝承 」］

日時：　2017年1月21日（土）　13：00～17:00予定
場所：　東京外国語大学　本郷サテライト　７階・セミナー室（http://www.tufs.ac.jp/access/hongou.html）
内容：
◆沖田瑞穂（中央大学・非常勤講師）
「現代インド映画における『マハーバーラタ』の英雄像の継承と編成ービーマ、アルジュナ、クリシュナを中心として（中間報告）」
Succession and transition of Images of the Mahābhārata Heroes in Contemporary Indian Movies – – Focusing on Bhīma, Arjuna, Kṛṣṇa

『Mahabharat』（2013年）と『Arjun: The Warrior Prince』（2012年）の二篇のアニメ映画において『マハーバーラタ』の英雄がどのように描かれているのか、原典との対比により考える。『Mahabharat』では、原典に見られる戦士像が現代に忠実に継承されている。『Arjun: The Warrior Prince』は、ディズニー映画として世界を視野に作成された背景から、神話性は剥奪され、アルジュナはあくまでただの人間、クリシュナの神性もまったく描かれない。
◆井田克征（金沢大学・非常勤講師）
「神について語ること：中世マラーティー語のバクティ文学から」
To Say Something about God: A Study on the Medieval Bhakti Literature of Mahārāshtra

本報告は，中世マハーラーシュトラにおいて展開したマハーヌバーヴ派の中で神の化身達に関する語りがどのようになされたのか調査し，そうした語りと信仰集団としての彼らのあり方との関わりを考察する。

＜研究会終了後、科研関係者の打ち合わせ＞

2016　FINDAS International Workshop
“Women’s Work in South Asia in the Age of Neo-liberalism”

FINDAS国際ワークショップ「新自由主義時代における南アジアの女性労働」

Date：　January 8 (Sun), 2017, 10 am-5 pm

Venue: Large Conference Room 303,

 Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa,

Tokyo University of Foreign Studies

日時：　2017年1月8日（日）　10:00-17:00
場所：　東京外国語大学アジアアフリカ言語文化研究所　大会議室３０３

9：30受付開始

会場のAA研の建物は、休日のため、1階の正面玄関および2階の自動ドアから入ることができません。

外階段をご利用いただき、3階からご入館ください。

【使用言語：　英語（通訳なし）　　！入場無料、予約不要！】

PROGRAM

Welcome Address:     Toshie Awaya (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)

1     Misako Kanno　（Tokyo University of Social Welfare)

Dynamics of Working Housewives in Contemporary Rural Uttar Pradesh

2     Rie Kage　(Saga Women’s Junior College)

Causes and Consequences of Return Migration in Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Female Unskilled Migrant Workers

3     Seika SATO （Teikyo University)

‘Self-employed’ Workers in the Age of Neoliberalism: Men and Women Street Vendors in Kathmandu

Lunch (12:10-13:10)

4     Neetha N. (Centre for Women’s Development Studies)

Nuances and Overtones of Paid Domestic Work in India

5     Dina M Siddiqi（BRAC University）

Unions or NGOs? Organizing Labor under the Neoliberal Gaze

6     Nida Kirmani (Lahore University of Management Sciences)

Earning as Empowerment?: The Relationship between Paid-Work and Violence in Lyari, Karachi

Tea Break (15:10-15:30)

Discussant: Hanako Nagata (Ibaraki University)

Momoe Makino (The Institute of Developing Economies)

General Discussion (16:00-17:00)

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PAPER ABSTRACT

1) Dynamics of Working Housewives in Contemporary Rural Uttar Pradesh

Misako Kanno　（Tokyo University of Social Welfare)

In the 1980s, Mies’s classical work on ‘housewifization of labour’ had caused an impact in the discussion of developmental issues regarding gender and the labour force. The situation of the female labour force has not changed drastically ever since, and in contemporary India, it has worsened in some cases.

Nevertheless, employment opportunities for women from particular classes have been continuously increasing since the 1990s in rural Uttar Pradesh. As a substantial number of households in this area are under the poverty line, the state government provides them with several social services, including information regarding reproductive health, non-formal education and micro credit; therefore, a large number of middle-class women who have completed higher education have been employed as health workers, teachers and social workers.

Although it is some sort of opportunities for women who are mostly excluded from the market economy due to sociocultural restrictions in order to gain income for their daily expenses, its compensation seems to be rather unfair for their labour force. In other words, housewives are being targeted for the role of servants in the smallest units of administrative organizations and are being paid low wages. Thus, this situation requires us to question whether participating in public society and improving their economic status is indeed a good opportunity for women or is it just another type of ‘housewifization’ of government services?

This study examines the socioeconomic status of rural middle-class women while locating them in the labour market by analysing ethnographical data.

2) Causes and Consequences of Return Migration in Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Female Unskilled Migrant Workers

Rie Kage (Saga Women’s Junior College)

Migration has been embedded in the society and economy of Sri Lanka; since the government institutionalized foreign employment policy in the 1980s.  Destinations for foreign employment are highly concentrated in the Middle East region.  The number of females seeking employment abroad had exceeded the number of males for two decades between 1988 and 2007.  From that time to the present, more than eighty per cent of female migrants have departed Sri Lanka to engage as domestic workers abroad.  In general, domestic workers are not often given a clear definition of contract.  Thus, they are a highly vulnerable migrant group in their host countries.  While in the country of origin, issues of family breakup and negative impact on the development of children have been reported.  Particularly in the case of migrant mothers with small children, the probability of social costs is high.  The government of Sri Lanka has attempted to minimize such costs and to reduce migration of female domestic workers, banning migration of mothers with children below the age of five, and setting a minimum age requirement of 21-years for foreign employment.  As a consequence, recent statistics show a decreasing trend in the departure number of female domestic workers.  This study examines the return migration of female unskilled migrant workers to Sri Lanka, analysing the causes and consequences of their returns, using data collected through the hearing survey from female returnees in 2007-2009, 2014, and 2016.  The survey found that the views of Sri Lankan female workers on their migration changed correlating to changes in Sri Lankan migration policy and changing situations and structures in the societies and economies of Sri Lanka and the destination countries.

3) ‘Self-employed’ Workers in the Age of Neoliberalism: Men and Women Street Vendors in Kathmandu

Seika SATO （Teikyo University)

Street vendors have been argued by many as quintessential actors in informal economy, that seems to be commanding more rather than less part of the whole economy under its sway at this stage of neoliberal capitalism. With the shrinking share of formal employment worldwide, now street vendors might be regarded as a quintessential figure of non-elite / ordinary men and women’s work and lives in this era as a whole. This paper tries to shed light on the figure through the local case of contemporary Kathmandu, with special attention to their gendered aspects. What kind of work is it to street-vend on the streets of Kathmandu?  How do they live and what do they aspire to achieve? What kind of difficulties do they face doing this job and what benefits do they enjoy if any? What are their experiences of doing this business like, and where are they going, either as an occupational group or as an individual working man or woman?

By addressing these queries, extremely diversified and not easily commensurable realities that these individual street vendors live out will be revealed. These ‘self-employed’ workers are far from uniform and thus shared issues or agendas for the betterment of their work lives turns out to be difficult to be agreed upon. These men or women come to, stay on, and leave the streets mainly on their own – their collectivity or solidarity, and thus their rights, benefits, or community largely remains to be realized at the moment.

4) Nuances and Overtones of Paid Domestic Work in India

Neetha N. (Centre for Women’s Development Studies)

Though domestic work is not a new phenomenon in India, what one understands as paid domestic work today is not an extension of the earlier feudal based system where the rich and dominant class had ‘servants’. In the new system of paid domestic service which is prevalent across urban and rural contexts, the nature of work, workers and work relations have changed rapidly, though one may see extensions of feudal practices in the everyday organization of modern system of domestic work. Estimates of the number of paid domestic workers in India, whatever be the source of data, have shown a huge increase over the last decade with a clear trend towards feminisation. Domestic work is characterised by invisibility, multiplicity of employers, poor wages and working conditions. Though the sector has emerged as an important sector of women’s employment, it remains as a highly unregulated sector. However, there have been some significant legal interventions which are sporadic and scattered. Organising domestic workers has been an issue given the specificity of the employment relation and the profile of workers. Only a small fraction of domestic workers in the country are unionised. However, there have been efforts to collectivise domestic workers which has gained momentum recently after the ILO convention on domestic workers. The paper provides an overview of the workers and work relations in the sector apart from analysing the regulatory status and organisational developments. The paper highlights some of the challenges in paid domestic work, through a critical analysis of policy interventions and mobilisation initiatives, with due focus on the underlying processes in the sector.

5) Unions or NGOs? Organizing Labor under the Neoliberal Gaze

Dina M Siddiqi（BRAC University）

This paper complicates the understanding of Rana Plaza as a moment of rupture by situating the much heralded “new trade unionism” within a longer history of labor activism in Bangladesh.  The implicitly modernist narrative arc that structures mainstream accounts of the post Rana Plaza period — of individual ‘tragedy’ in the global South that spurs legal reform and improved oversight through the application of external/Northern pressure — obscures critical ground realities.  The persuasive power of this narrative depends upon the active forgetting of the past in which workers have secured meaningful change only after embarking on direct action through often violent street politics.  In this account, the absence of the modern worker who knows and demands her rights signals the failure of the elite/state/NGOs to produce a culture of liberalism in which such subjectivities seemingly flourish (see Vijay Prashad 2015).  Recalling a mode of developmentalism rooted in colonial hierarchies, this construction not only displaces structural inequalities and barriers. It erases the agency of Bangladeshi garment workers and their rich history of resistance. Through a close reading of a workers’ uprising in May 2006 that resulted in significant gains for labour, I suggest that fundamental contradictions and constraints remain untouched by the kind of reforms made after 2013. It is equally critical to situate the new international recognition of the need for unions to ensure workers rights in shifting ideologies of neoliberal governance.

6) Earning as Empowerment?: The Relationship between Paid-Work and Violence in Lyari, Karachi

Nida Kirmani (Lahore University of Management Sciences)

Based on extensive interviews in one of Karachi’s oldest working class areas, Lyari, this paper explores the relationship between women’s engagement in paid work and their relationship to violence in multiple settings including in the home, in public places, and at the workplace. The research includes interviews with women engaged in domestic service, in the education public and private education sector, in the field of health, in the service sector and in short-term and seasonal work in factories or small-scale industries. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of engagement in paid work with women’s ability to negotiate and resist various forms of violence including physical, psychological and structural forms of violence. The findings demonstrate that engagement in paid work does not necessarily insulate women from violence, but it often does provide women with a strengthened ‘bargaining position’ within the household. However, this depends on the nature and conditions of the work itself. Women in low-paid, informal and precarious forms of employment, which are characteristic of the neoliberal economy, do not necessarily experience a strengthened position within the household and neither are they insulated from domestic violence. Rather they face multiple forms of violence and are often exploited in their places of employment and within their homes. On the other hand, the few women who are able to secure well-paying, secure forms of employment appear to be more confident and more willing to stand up against violence if confronted.

2016年度　東京外国語大学主催、FINDAS共催

アジア映画特集

会場：　東京外国語大学府中キャンパス　アゴラ・グローバルプロメテウスホール

入場：　無料、先着順（501名）、申し込み不要

『神に誓って』

2016年11月26日(土)
13:30開場 14:00開映

2007年／ウルドゥー語、英語、パンジャービー語、
アラビア語、パシュトー語／168分／日本語字幕付き
監督：ショエーブ・マンスール
出演：シャーン、イーマーン・アリー

【上映作品のあらすじ】
ロンドンに暮らす大学生マリーは、恋人との結婚を前に、生まれて初めて父の故郷パキスタンを訪れる。 古都ラホールでは、いとこのマンスールとサルマド兄弟がミュージシャンとして活躍していた。しかし弟は「音楽はイスラームの教えに反する」という原理主義指導者の言葉に傾き、 やがて音楽を棄ててしまう。兄は弟を気遣いながらも音楽を究めるためアメリカへ留学。そんな折、9.11事件が起こった…。
2008年アジアフォーカス・福岡国際映画祭福岡観客賞。
解 説：麻田豊（元東京外国語大学准教授）

『テレビジョン』

2016年12月10日(土)
13:30開場 14:00開映

バングラデシュ＜日本初上映＞
2012年／ベンガル語／106分／日本語・英語字幕付き
監督：モスタファ・サロワル・ファルキ
出演：シャヒル・フダ・ルミ、チョンチョル・チョウドゥリ

【上映作品のあらすじ】
バングラデシュのとある村。イスラーム教徒の村長は、「教えに反するもの」として、あらゆる肖像を否定した。想像することも罪深き行いと説き、村には写真や絵画はおろか、映画もテレビジョンも存在 しないはず…であった。ところが、この村にはヒンドゥー教徒も暮らしており、人々の暮らしに矛盾が生じだす。閉ざしたはずの窓から、すきま風がもれはじめ…。2012年釜山国際映画祭クロージング作品。 2013年アジア太平洋映画祭審査員特別賞。
解 説：渡辺一弘（東京外国語大学非常勤講師）

南アジア地域研究・東京外国語大学拠点（FINDAS）では、11月5日（土）に、
東京外国語大学本郷サテライトにて、下記のとおり研究会を開催いたします。

※本研究会は、予約不要でどなたでもご参加いただけます。
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2016年度 第一回FINDAS若手研究者セミナー

「バングラデシュにおけるマイノリティの生活戦略（’How Do We Survive’: From Minorities’ Experiences in Bangladesh）」

日時：　11月5日（土）13：00～17：00
場所：　東京外国語大学　本郷サテライト　3階セミナールーム
内容：

◆石坂　貴美（日本福祉大学大学院アジア福祉社会開発研究センター　客員研究所員）

「マイクロファイナンス利用にみる人びとの暮らしを守る実践――バングラデシュのマイクロ医療保険調査を基に（Wisdom and Practices of Microfinance Members for Safety Net: Based on Data from a Survey of Micro Health Insurance in Bangladesh）」

バングラデシュでは社会保障制度が未整備であり、マイクロファイナンス（以下、MF）を利用する低所得者層のセーフティ・ネットは脆弱である。本発表では、MF機関が提供する医療保険に関する実態調査を基に、金融サービス利用によるMF利用者の暮らしを守る実践について考察する。情報の非対称性からサービス利用が妨げられる例がある一方で、少ない選択肢のなかから流動性、収益性、安全性といった金融商品の要素を見極めて利用する例もみられる。

◆上澤　伸子（東京外国語大学大学院総合国際学研究科　博士後期課程）

「バングラデシュにおける民族的・宗教的マイノリティ女性の就労選択　（The Choice of Work for Ethnic and Religious Minority Women in Bangladesh）」

本発表では、現代バングラデシュにおいて民族的・宗教的マイノティ集団ガロの女性が「稼ぎ手」としていかなる就労選択を行っているか、農村家族の生存戦略という観点から明らかにする。中北部国境地帯の調査村では、２０～３０代のガロ女性の半数が、村で主として農業に従事する一方で、半数は都市で看護師・美容師・家事使用人として働く。一般的に美容師や家事使用人は、社会的地位の低い職業としてネガティブにとらえられてきたが、本発表ではガロ女性固有のオルタナティブな就労機会としてとらえることとする。

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