前期の授業企画
First Semester Syllabus
教科書：
レーマン、Ｗ．Ｐ．著者、松波有翻訳者．１９６７．歴史言語学序説．東京：研究社
参考書：
Lehmann, W.P. 1992. Historical Linguistics, 3rd. edition. London:Routledge.
Crowley, Terry. 1992. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, Aukland: Oxford
Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold
Hock, Hans Heinrich. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
１．言語比較の方法と目的
(methods and goals of language comparison)
言語間共通点の理由（reasons for similarities among languages)
The field which investigates whether similarities are due to chance or
not is probability theory （確率論)
An important statement of the prinicples of probabilistic linguistics is
the following book:
Ringe, Donald. 1992. On Calculating the Factor of Chance in Language Comparison. Vol. 82, part 1, of the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society:
Philadelphia
An interesting web article on the topic can be found here: http://www.zompist.com/chance.htm
An article by me on the topic can be found here: comp & method-Ratcliffe.pdf へのリンク
２．歴史言語学のために基本的な言語学
(basic linguistic concepts for historical linguistics)
レーマン・松波 第一章、１−１３頁
When scientists compare things they use a common system of measurement.
Climatologists don`t present data on average rainfall in terms of inches
here and centimeters there. Geographers don`t measure the lenghth of rivers
in kilometers on one continent, miles on another, farsaxs on a third, and
li somewhere else. In the same way, when we compare languages we need a
common method of representing them. One of the most important tools for
representing the sound systems of languages in universally recognizable
way is the the International Phonetic Alphabet, which can be found here:
International Phonetic Alphabet
３．語族の見分け；世界の語族の人口と分配
(Identifying language families; language families of the world: population
and distribution)
レーマン・松波 第二章、３７−５６頁
A graph of the top 25 language families by number of languages and number
of speakers: languagefamilies.html へのリンク
The best source of information on the web on languages and language families of the world is the ethnologue database: http://www.ethnologue.com/
４．インドヨーロッパ語族
(Indo-European)
レーマン・松波 第二章、１４−３６頁
Important Names: William Jones
A graph of IE subgroups by number of languages and number of speakers:
iesubgroups.html へのリンク
A diagram of IE language relationships: http://www.bartleby.com/61/indoeuro.html
A familiy tree diagram: http://www.danshort.com/ie/
A map showing distribution of IE and non-IE languages in Europe: http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/euro/europam.htm
another interesting IE site: http://www.colfa.utsa.edu/drinka/pie/pie.html
５．比較方法１（comparative method 1)
レーマン・松波 第五章、７６−８９頁
1. Identify
1.cognate sets
2. regular
correspondences
６．比較方法２（comparative method 2)
Crowley 90-111
2.reconstruct, based on
1. fewest possible sound
changes
2. plausible sound changes
3. most plausible system
７．音韻変化（sound change)
レーマン・松波 第十章、１３０−１５５頁
X > Y /_Z
８．音韻変化の種類 (types of sound change)
Crowley 38-59
lenition, fortition,
epenthesis, syncope
assimilation, dissimilation,
９．音韻変化の順番（order of sound changes)
Crowley 66-69
Grimm's Law
Verner's Law
１０．内的再建方法 (internal reconstruction)
レーマン・松波 第六章、９０−９７頁
１１．類推 (analogy)
レーマン・松波 第十一章、１５６−１７１
Important Names: Kurylowicz, Manczak
１２．音韻変化の理由と説明
(sound change: reasons and explanations)
Lehmann (1992)
204-218
Important Names: Martinet, Labov